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How to Read More Without Speed Reading

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Techniques claiming to ameliorate the power to read quickly

Speed reading is any of many techniques claiming to improve one'due south ability to read quickly. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilise books, videos, software, and seminars. There is little scientific testify regarding speed reading, and as a effect its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading up to one,000 words per minute "must exist viewed with skepticism".[1]

History [edit]

The concept of modern speed reading was thought to have formed in the late 1950s, when Evelyn Woods, a schoolteacher, began to coin the term. Information technology is said that she was curious to understand why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to force herself to read very quickly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motility of her hand across the page caught the attending of her optics, and helped them move more smoothly across the folio. She then used the hand every bit a pacer. Wood offset taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood's Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.[two]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the main idea or when reading an essay, it can mean reading the beginning and catastrophe for summary information, then optionally the first sentence of each paragraph to quickly decide whether to seek still more detail, every bit determined past the questions or purpose of the reading.[3] [4] [5] [six] [7] For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually caused past practice. Skimming is ordinarily seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700 words per infinitesimal and above) than normal reading for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,[eight] especially with information-rich reading material.

Scanning is the procedure where one actively looks for information using a mind-map (organizing information in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the data for better retrievability) formed from skimming.[ citation needed ] These techniques are used past meta-guiding your eyes. Scanning includes the main betoken as well as headings and important information.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the centre using a finger or arrow, such every bit a pen, in club for the eye to movement faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in society to broaden the visual bridge for speed reading. For example, an audience of customers at a speed reading seminar volition exist instructed to use a finger or pen to brand these shapes on a folio and told that this will speed up their visual cortex, increment their visual span to accept in the whole line, and even imprint the information into their subconscious for afterward retrieval. It has also been claimed to reduce subvocalization (saying words in your head rather than grasping the idea), thereby speeding up reading. Because this encourages the eye to skim over the text, it can reduce comprehension and memory, and lead to missing important details of the text. An emphasis on viewing each give-and-take, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the eyes go forward 2 or 3 "stops" and so become back.) is required for this method to be constructive. Eastward.g. South motion and Z move.[ clarification needed ]

Speed reading is a skill honed through practice. Reading a text involves comprehension of the cloth. In speed reading practice this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and by read and recall (recording through writing a short summary or a mental outline) exercises.[9] Another of import method for better comprehension is the SQ3R process. These processes help an private to retain most of the presented ideas from a reading material. A meliorate focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading process with good agreement of the topic.[ clarification needed ]

Types of reading [edit]

At that place are three types of reading:

  1. Subvocalization: sounding out each word internally, as reading to yourself. This is the slowest form of reading.
  2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster procedure.
  3. Visual reading: understanding the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest procedure.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250 words per minute, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per infinitesimal and visual readers at approximately 700 words per infinitesimal. Expert readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.[10]

Consequence on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when time is express. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading normally, given but enough time to read usually through half of a text. They found that the principal points of the full text were better understood afterward skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which simply read half the text). There was no difference betwixt the groups in their understanding of less of import data from the text.[eleven] Skimming or skipping over text can as well help in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed.[12] Further findings advise that trained speed readers have a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large amount of material or need to improve their study skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical cloth that requires careful study of each sentence"[13]

Software [edit]

Middle exercise for speed reading

Computer programs are available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs nowadays the data as a series stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before parsing and interpreting information technology.[ citation needed ] The 2000 National Reading Panel (NRP) report (p. 3-1) seems to back up such a mechanism.

To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the eye of the screen while the lines of text around it grew longer. They too presented several objects (instead of text) that motion line by line or bounce effectually the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with but their optics. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an effective training method, claiming that the only way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs employ built-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at defined speeds. Frequently, the text is highlighted to bespeak where users should focus their optics. They are not expected to read by pronouncing the words but instead to read by viewing the words equally complete images. The exercises are also intended to train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts similar comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; pop psychology vs evidence-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of fifty% is deemed unusable by some educationalists.[14] Advocates claim that speed reading is a great success and that it is a sit-in of adept comprehension for many purposes.[fifteen] The merchandise-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is existence done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the actual charge per unit is to be obtained. Mark Seidenberg considers claims like reading 25,000 words per infinitesimal "cannot be true given bones facts nigh optics and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of lite". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, nevertheless afterwards ended it was only useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".[xvi]

A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a similar reading strategy known equally PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per infinitesimal, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded by NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could amend reading speed, comprehension, and information gathering efficiency. When identical versions of v reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, there was no advantage in overall reading fourth dimension or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one'southward noesis, as demonstrated past the following case in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing evidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect:[17]

The terminal task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three capacity from the textbook on Physiology in order to take an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was just: Would she pass the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three chapters of the textbook required for the test (i.e., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the night before taking the test. The following forenoon, she read the text using diverse rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the vi true/false and 30 multiple choice questions, but did not attempt to answer the fill-in-the-blank or short-answer questions. Hence, comprehension functioning on the conceptual questions was 0 percentage. She answered ii of 7 multiple-choice prior noesis questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 true/false questions correctly (67%), and eight of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This performance is extremely low and only slightly above chance level performance for these types of questions (i.e., 50% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the exam.

It is important to note that afterward PhotoReading the text (but before taking the examination), she rated her agreement of the textile as 4.5 on a v-indicate scale (5 representing a skillful understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would call back approximately 68 percent of the cloth for the test, with a form of C+. This high level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would accept remained unshattered had she not and so taken the test – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.e., 2)

In a 2016 commodity[18] published in the periodical of 'Psychological Science in the Public Interest', the authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for reading more apace while maintaining comprehension other than to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.m. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vocalization, reading more than one word at a time a.1000.a. grouping, using RSVP (Rapid Series Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternate colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,[19] encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute.[20] U.Southward. President Jimmy Carter, and his wife Rosalynn, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading class at the White Business firm,[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of pedagogy research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only nigh 600 words per minute, at most twice equally fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more a mensurate of how fast he could skim a piece of text.[22] Other critics take suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.[23]

The World Championship Speed Reading Competition stresses reading comprehension as critical. The summit contestants typically read around one,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately fifty% comprehension or above. The six fourth dimension earth champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the material and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can see in unmarried fixation is 3 words.[24]

"Speed Reading World Record" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United states of america has claimed to be the Guinness World Tape holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute,[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. [26] Critics point out that information technology is possible to beat some speed reading world records past reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages every bit fast as possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading Globe Record Standards are non known and they accept terminated[ when? ] calculation speed readers to its honor list. In 2015, Memoriad, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading Globe Record Standards" in order to forestall unclear claims.[27] [28]

See also [edit]

  • Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to read
  • Pareto principle
  • Tiresome reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
  • TL;DR an abbreviation for "As well Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 Oct 2010). Reading in the Brain. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN978-0-14311-805-iii.
  2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Remember Everything Y'all Read: The Evelyn Wood Vii-Mean solar day Speed Reading and Learning Program. Cambridge University Press. p. twoscore. ISBN978-i-56619-402-0.
  3. ^ "Written report Skills – Effective reading strategies". Charles Darwin University . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  4. ^ "How to read an academic article – part vii". Len M Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  5. ^ "How to read an bookish article – role ane". Len M Holmes.org.britain . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  6. ^ Keshav, S. (17 February 2016). "How to Read a Newspaper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
  7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana Academy . Retrieved xi Baronial 2017.
  8. ^ But, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  9. ^ Brown, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Meliorate Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
  10. ^ "Speed Reading". The Academy of Chicago Educatee Health and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved thirty December 2017.
  11. ^ Duggan, G.B.; Payne, Southward.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the procedure and effectiveness of foraging through text nether time pressure" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. 15 (3): 228–242. doi:10.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
  12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Educational activity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-1-11910-424-7.
  13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (4): 47–49.
  14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Rate: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (two): 84–95.
  15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Book. Harlow: BBC Active. ISBN978-one-4066-1021-five.
  16. ^ Seidenberg, Marking (2017). Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Tin can't, and What Can Be Washed About It. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 70–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-6.
  17. ^ McNamara, Danielle S. (xxx September 1999). "Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (xiv January 2016). "So Much to Read, So Little Time". Psychological Scientific discipline in the Public Interest. 17 (1): 4–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
  19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Expert. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
  20. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 Feb 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on ten February 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ "American Feel". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on viii September 2005.
  22. ^ Noah, Timothy (xviii February 2000). "The 1,000-Word Dash". Slate.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic'southward Dictionary.
  24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Written report Method (2nd ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
  25. ^ "Howard Berg "World'southward Fastest Reader" on Expert Solar day Tampa Bay, Fox 13 Tampa, 02-16-13". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  26. ^ "Earth's fastest reader (eighty,000 words per minute)". YouTube. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Speed Reading Earth Record Standards". Memoriad.com.
  28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Rate: A Review of Enquiry and Theory. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
  • Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, Yard. E.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cognitive Variation in Developed College Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Evolution: Component Skills Approaches. New York Metropolis: Academic Printing. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-9.
  • A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Study No. 258 (PDF) (Study). Educational Research Institute of America. 2006.
  • "FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
  • "Announced Deportment for June 19, 1998". Federal Trade Committee. nineteen June 1998.
  • Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increment Reading Ability (9th ed.). New York City: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-six.
  • Homa, Donald (1983). "An assessment of two "extraordinary" speed-readers". Bulletin of the Psychonomic Lodge. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:10.3758/BF03329973.
  • Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Salary. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
  • McBride, Vearl G. (1973). Damn the School System – Full Speed Ahead!. New York City: Exposition Press. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
  • "Affiliate 3: Fluency". Pedagogy Children To Read : An Bear witness-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Panel. 2000. p. 3-i.
  • Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasance. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Research Quarterly. 23 (one): 6–50. doi:10.2307/747903.
  • Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Ability. New York City: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-19503-501-viii.
  • Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Federal republic of germany: exclam. ISBN978-three-943736-12-0.
  • Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding improve] (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
  • Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Listen Organisation (2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-1.
  • Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading 4 Kids (tertiary ed.). Point Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project. ISBN978-0-97141-762-v.
  • Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York Urban center: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Use the information wave, salve fourth dimension, increase effectiveness] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-3-98095-360-3.
  • "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved 13 August 2019.

External links [edit]

  • Pitiful, But Speed Reading Won't Assist You Read More than
  • Golovatyi, Aleksandr (five July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Advice from Readlax". Medium.com.
  • Ferriss, Tim (thirteen May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percentage Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Post.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 October 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

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